Intermediate scrutiny for content-neutral time, place, and manner restrictions of expression, rather than strict scrutiny for content-based restrictions of expression, was applicable to temporary nighttime curfew imposed by mayor to quell violence and destruction accompanying mass protests; curfew upheld.
Plaintiff, Mandarin speaker, was not given same opportunity as two others in altercation before arrest; fact that officers had probable cause when they arrived to arrest plaintiff, but not others, provided legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for different treatment, defeating intentional discrimination claim.
Protestors sued Republic of Turkey, Turkish security force members, and civilians under First and Fourth Amendments for violent attacks by security force members and civilian supporters of Turkish president against protestors on public sidewalk; defendants’ actions were not protected by discretionary function exception and Turkey’s lack of immunity under FSIA was not a nonjusticiable political question.